Author

Reporters Committee attorneys authored this chapter with special thanks to legal intern Alexandra Bass.

Last updated June 2021.

Jeffrey J. Hunt, Esq.
April M. Medley, Esq.

PARR BROWN GEE & LOVELESS
101 South 200 East, Suite 700
Salt Lake City, Utah 84111
jhunt@parrbrown.com
amedley@parrbrown.com

(801) 532-7840

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Olivia Ortiz, a law clerk at Parr Brown Gee & Loveless, in preparing this chapter.

Last updated August 12, 2019

Jennifer Mansfield
50 North Laura Street
Suite 3900
Jacksonville, FL 32202

Judith M. Mercier
Holland & Knight LLP
200 South Orange Avenue
Suite 2600
Orlando, FL 32801

Scott D. Ponce
701 Brickell Avenue
Suite 3300
Miami, FL 33131

with assistance from Cynthia Gierhart and Chiara Kalogjera-Sackellares.

Last updated April 2020

Sigmund D. Schutz, Esq.
Preti Flaherty LLP
One City Center
P.O. Box 9546
Portland, ME 04112-9546
207.791.3000
sschutz@preti.com
www.preti.com

Last updated Nov. 6, 2019

Christine N. Walz
Esther Clovis
Madelaine Harrington
Holland & Knight LLP
31 West 52nd Street, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10019
212.513.3200

Last updated February 2019

Updated by RCFP legal fellow Madeline Lamo. Special thanks to the previous guide author, Robert C. Clothier of Fox Rothschild LLP.

Last updated July 2021

Craig T. Merritt
cmerritt@merrittfirm.com
MERRITT LAW, PLLC
919 E. Main St., Suite 1000
Richmond, Virginia 23219
Tel.: (804) 916-1601

David B. Lacy
dlacy@cblaw.com
CHRISTIAN & BARTON, LLP
909 E. Main St., Suite 1200
Richmond, Virginia 23219
Tel.: (804) 697-4100

Last updated September 2022

Thomas S. Leatherbury
Marc A. Fuller
Lindsey D. Pryor
Vinson & Elkins LLP
Trammell Crow Center
2001 Ross Avenue, Suite 3900
Dallas, TX 75201
tleatherbury@velaw.com
mfuller@velaw.com
lpryor@velaw.com

*With thanks to Paul Hill, The University of Texas Law School – J.D. anticipated 2020

Last updated October 9, 2019

Paul McAdoo
Adams and Reese, LLP
424 Church Street, Suite 2700
Nashville, TN 37219
615-259-1037

Last updated October 31, 2019

Samuel Fifer
samuel.fifer@dentons.com
Natalie Spears
natalie.spears@dentons.com
Gregory R. Naron
gregory.naron@dentons.com
Dentons US LLP
233 S. Wacker Drive, Suite 5900
Chicago, IL 60606
(312) 876-8000

Last updated Feb. 2020

William R. Robinson
Edward F. Roche
Eric J. Fisher
Smith, Anderson, Blount, Dorsett, Mitchell & Jernigan, L.L.P.
150 Fayetteville Street, Suite 2300
Raleigh, North Carolina 27601

Last updated November 5, 2019

Dennis R. Bailey
Evans Bailey
Rushton, Stakely, Johnston & Garrett, P.A.
184 Commerce Street (36104)
Post Office Box 270 (36101-0270)
Montgomery, Alabama
P (334) 206-3234 F (334) 481-0031
DRB@rushtonstakely.com
ebailey@rushtonstakely.com

Special thanks to Gilbert E. Johnston, Jr., James P. Pewitt, and W. Lee Elebash, then of Johnston Barton Proctor & Rose LLP, who authored the previous version of this chapter.

Last updated Aug. 2022

D. John McKay
117 E. Cook Ave.
Anchorage, AK 99501
(907) 274-3154

mckay@alaska.net

Last updated Dec. 2, 2019

David J. Bodney and Chase A. Bales
Ballard Spahr, LLP
One East Washington Street, Suite 2300
Phoenix, Arizona 85004

Last updated January 2019

Philip S. Anderson and Alec Gaines
Williams & Anderson PLC
111 Center Street, Suite 2200
Little Rock, Arkansas 72201
Telephone: (501) 372-0800; Facsimile: (501) 372-6453

Last updated Sept. 18, 2019

Kelli L. Sager
Rochelle L. Wilcox
DAVIS WRIGHT TREMAINE LLP
865 S. Figueroa, Suite 2400
Los Angeles, California 90017

With thanks to Davis Wright Tremaine attorneys
Jake Freed
Cydney Freeman
Dan Laidman
Diana Palacios
Sarah Burns
Sam Cate-Gumpert

Updated September 14, 2022

Tom Isler
Kutak Rock LLP
1801 California Street, Suite 3000
Denver, CO 80202
thomas.isler@kutakrock.com

Last updated Sept. 15, 2020

Dan Barrett, Elana Bildner, and Grace Sinnott
ACLU Foundation of Connecticut
765 Asylum Avenue
Hartford, CT 06105

With thanks to Geraldo Parrilla, Quinnipiac University School of Law ’19.

Last updated Oct. 29, 2019.

Cynthia A. Gierhart
Holland & Knight LLP
800 17^th Street NW, Suite 1100
Washington, DC 20006
202-955-3000

Rachel E. Mueller
Aegis Law Group LLP
Market Square West - Suite 740
801 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20004
202-737-4094

Last updated May 27, 2020

David L. Finger
Finger & Slanina, LLC
One Commerce Center
1201 N. Orange St., 7th fl.
Wilmington, DE  19801
(302) 573-2525
dfinger@delawgroup.com
www.delawgroup.com

Stephen J. Fuzesi
A. Joshua Podoll
Williams & Connolly LLP
725 Twelfth Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005

Last updated August 2023

Carol Jean LoCicero, Mark R. Caramanica, Daniela B. Abratt, Linda R. Norbut, and Elizabeth D. Ernest
Thomas & LoCicero PL
601 South Boulevard
Tampa, FL 33606
Phone: (813) 984-3060
www.tlolawfirm.com

Last updated August 2023

Peter C. Canfield
Canfield Law LLC
34 Inman Circle NE
Atlanta, GA 30309
Tel: (678) 296-5413
pccanfield@gmail.com

Last updated March 15, 2024

Jeffrey S. Portnoy
John P. Duchemin
CADES SCHUTTE LLP
1000 Bishop Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813
(808) 521-9200

Last updated July 2021

Debora Kristensen Grasham
dkk@givenspursley.com
GIVENS PURSLEY, LLP
601 W. Bannock Street
Boise, Idaho 83702
Tel: (208) 388-1200
Fax: (208) 388-1300
www.givenspursley.com

Last Updated February 2018

Debbie L. Berman
Wade A. Thomson
Jenner & Block LLP
353 N. Clark Street
Chicago, IL 60654-3456

Ms. Berman is co-chair and Mr. Thomson is a member of the Firm’s Media Law and First Amendment practice group.

Special thanks to associates Alexander Cottingham and Jocelyn Sitton, who assisted in updating this chapter and to the following people for their contributions to previous versions of this chapter: partner David P. Sanders, former associates Sabrina Guenther, Vaishalee Yelandi, Nika Arzoumanian, and Theo Lesczynski, and former summer associates Daniel Quarfoot, Daniel Kelly, Abbas Khan, and Phoebe Scott.

Last updated January 12, 2023

Margaret Christensen
Jessica O. Laurin
BINGHAM GREENEBAUM DOLL LLP
10 West Market Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46204
Telephone: (317) 968-5493
Email: mchristensen@bgdlegal.com

Last updated Aug. 8, 2019

Michael A. Giudicessi and Susan P. Elgin
Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP
801 Grand Avenue, 33rd Floor
Des Moines, Iowa 50309-8011
Telephone: 515-248-9000
Facsimile: 515-248-9010
Email: michael.giudicessi@faegrebd.com
Web: www.faegredrinker.com

Last updated December 15, 2019

Mike Kautsch, professor
School of Law
University of Kansas
Lawrence, KS 66045
Phone: (785) 864-5377
Fax: (785) 864-5054
Email: mkautsch@ku.edu

Last Updated September 13, 2019

Jeremy S. Rogers
DINSMORE & SHOHL LLP
101 S. Fifth Street, Suite 2500
Louisville, Kentucky 40202
Telephone: (502) 540-2300
Fax: (502) 585-2207
jeremy.rogers@dinsmore.com
www.dinsmore.com

Last updated July 30, 2021

Mary Ellen Roy
Dan Zimmerman
Ashley Heilprin
Phelps Dunbar LLP
365 Canal Street, Suite 2000
New Orleans, LA 70130
(504) 566-1311
roym@phelps.com
dan.zimmerman@phelps.com
ashley.heilprin@phelps.com

Last updated July 2023

Sigmund D. Schutz, Esq.
Katherine J. Mail, summer law clerk, University of Michigan Law School, class of 2021
Preti, Flaherty, Beliveau & Pachios, LLP
P.O. Box 9546
One City Center
Portland, ME 04112-9546
Tel: 207-791-3000
Fax: 207-791-3111
sschutz@preti.com
www.preti.com

Last updated August 5, 2020

Elizabeth C. Koch
Maxwell S. Mishkin
Ballard Spahr LLP
1909 K Street NW, 12th Floor
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 661-2200
Web: www.ballardspahr.com

Last updated January 2018

Updated by RCFP staff with special thanks to Rachel Davidson, Harvard Law School, Class of 2020.

Last updated April 2019

Brian Wassom
Ayan M. Ajeen
Warner Norcross & Judd LLP
45000 River Ridge Dr., Suite 300
Clinton Township, MI 48038
586.303.4139

Last updated August 2023

Leita Walker
(walkerl@ballardspahr.com; (612) 371-6222)
Ballard Spahr LLP
2000 IDS Center
80 South 8th St.
Minneapolis, MN 55402-2119

Shannon Jankowski
(Shannon.Jankowski@FaegreBD.com; (612) 766-7646)
John P. Borger
(John.Borger@FaegreBD.com; (612) 766-7501 (retired))
Faegre Baker Daniels LLP
2200 Wells Fargo Center
Minneapolis, MN 55402
(612) 766-7000
www.faegrebd.com

Last updated Feb. 28, 2018

Haley F. Gregory
Butler Snow LLP
1020 Highland Colony Parkway, Suite 1400,
Ridgeland, MS 39157
601-985-4458
haley.gregory@butlersnow.com
www.butlersnow.com

Last updated March 22, 2019

Jean Maneke, Esq.
The Maneke Law Group, L.C.
2345 Grand Blvd., Ste. 1600
Kansas City, MO 64108
(816) 753-9000

Special thanks to former RCFP legal fellow Audrey Greene for her contributions to this chapter.

Last updated June 2021

Peter Michael Meloy, Esq.
MELOY LAW FIRM
P.O. Box 1241
Helena, Montana 59624-1241
mike@meloylawfirm.com

Last updated January 2018

Shawn D. Renner
Cline, Williams, Wright, Johnson & Oldfather, L.L.P.
1900 US Bank Building
Lincoln NE 68508
Phone: 402-474-6900; Fax: 402-474-5393
Email: srenner@clinewilliams.com

Last updated: March 2018

Kristen Gallagher, Esq.
Adam Hosmer-Henner, Esq.
McDonald Carano LLP
2300 W. Sahara Avenue, Suite 1200
Las Vegas, NV 89102
(702) 873-4100

With special thanks to Mark A. Hinueber, Stephens Media LLC, Las Vegas, and JoNell Thomas, Las Vegas, who previously authored this chapter.

Last updated Oct. 11, 2019

William L. Chapman
Orr & Reno, P.A.
Concord, New Hampshire
wchapman@orr-reno.com

Last updated July 2019

Nicole T. Russell
Christina C. Sheehan
Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A.
500 4th St NW Suite #1000
Albuquerque, NM 87102

Pat Rogers
Patrick J. Rogers, LLC
20 First Plaza Center NW
Albuquerque, NM 87102

Last updated August 2021

Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press staff

Last updated March 8, 2021

C. Amanda Martin, amartin@smvt.com
Michael J. Tadych, mike@smvt.com
Stevens Martin Vaughn & Tadych, PLLC
The Historic Pilot Mill
1101 Haynes Street, Suite 100
Raleigh, North Carolina 27604
(919) 582-2300; (866) 593-7695

Last updated June 2018

Steve Johnson
Vogel Law Firm
P.O. Box 1389
Fargo, ND 58107
701-237-6983

Last updated Feb. 2018

Monica L. Dias, Member
Frost Brown Todd LLC
3300 Great American Tower
301 East Fourth Street
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
513-651-6783
mdias@fbtlaw.com

Last updated October 2019

Robert D. Nelon, Jon Epstein, Lindsay N. Kistler
Hall Estill Hardwick Gable Golden & Nelson
100 North Broadway, Suite 2900
Oklahoma City, OK 73102
(405) 553–2828 (telephone)
(405) 553–2855 (facsimile)
www.hallestill.com

Last updated Feb. 2018

Duane A. Bosworth
Derek D. Green
Davis Wright Tremaine LLP
1300 SW Fifth Ave, Suite 2400
Portland, OR 97201
(503) 241-2300
duanebosworth@dwt.com
derekgreen@dwt.com

Last updated July 2019

Michael Berry
Lindsey Zionts
Fred G. DeRitis
Leslie Minora
Shawn F. Summers
Ballard Spahr LLP
1735 Market Street, 51st Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19103
215.665.8500
berrym@ballardspahr.com
ziontsl@ballardspahr.com
deritisf@ballardspahr.com
minoral@ballardspahr.com
summerss@ballardspahr.com

A previous version of this chapter was written by Robert C. Clothier, currently Vice President and General Counsel of Urisinus College.

Last updated: December 2023

Raymond A. Marcaccio, Esq.
Santiago H. Posas, Esq.
Oliverio & Marcaccio LLP
55 Dorrance Street
Suite 400
Providence, RI 02903
Phone: 401.861.2900

Special thanks to the previous authors of this chapter, Joseph V. Cavanagh, Jr., Esq., Mary Dunn, Esq., and Robert J. Cavanagh, Jr., Esq. of Blish & Cavanagh, LLP. 

Last updated Dec. 4, 2019

Taylor M. Smith IV
Harrison, Radeker & Smith, P.A.
P.O. Box 50143
Columbia, SC 29250
(803) 779-2211
www.harrisonfirm.com

Michelle Mensore Condon
Charleston School of Law
P.O. Box 535
Charleston, SC 29407
www.charlestonlaw.edu

Special thanks to the previous guide author, Jay Bender of Baker, Ravenel & Bender, L.L.P., and Charleston School of Law student Paul Danna, who also assisted with this guide.

Last updated March 2020

Jon E. Arneson
123 South Main Avenue, Suite 202
Sioux Falls, SD 57104
605-335-0083

Last updated April 2018

Kamesha Laurry, the Reporters Committee's Borealis Racial Equity in Journalism Fund Legal Fellow, and Paul McAdoo, RCFP's Local Legal Initiative staff attorney for Tennessee.

Updated October 2021

Thomas S. Leatherbury
Vinson & Elkins LLP
Trammell Crow Center
2001 Ross Avenue, Suite 3900
Dallas, TX 75201
tleatherbury@velaw.com

Peter T. Thomas
2200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Suite 500 West
Washington, DC 20037
petethomas@velaw.com

Last updated January 30, 2020

Jeffrey J. Hunt, Esq.
David C. Reymann, Esq.
Michael S. Anderson, Esq.
PARR BROWN GEE & LOVELESS
101 South 200 East, Suite 700
Salt Lake City, Utah 84111
jhunt@parrbrown.com
dreymann@parrbrown.com
manderson@parrbrown.com
(801) 532-7840

Last updated September 2023

Robert B. Hemley, Esq.
Erin M. Moore, Esq.
GRAVEL AND SHEA
76 St. Paul Street
P.O. Box 369
Burlington, VT 05402
(802) 658-0220
Fax: (802) 658-1456
rhemley@gravelshea.com
emoore@gravelshea.com

Last updated July 2019

Craig T. Merritt
cmerritt@merrittfirm.com
MERRITT LAW, PLLC
919 E. Main St., Suite 1000
Richmond, Virginia 23219
Tel.: (804) 916-1601

David B. Lacy
dlacy@cblaw.com
Christian & Barton, LLP
909 E. Main St., Suite 1200
Richmond, Virginia 23219
Tel.:     (804) 697-4100
Fax:     (804) 697-4112

Last updated Sept. 2021

Eric M. Stahl and Ben Robbins
Davis Wright Tremaine LLP
920 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3300
Seattle, WA 98104-1610

Last updated June 14, 2019

Michelle Mensore Condon
Charleston School of Law
P.O. Box 535
Charleston, SC 29402
(843) 377-2457
http://www.charlestonlaw.edu

Special thanks to Charleston School of Law students Paul Danna, Shannon Nihiser, Stephanie Hooper, Lisa Walden, and Jennifer Shafer for their assistance. Special thanks also to Sean McGinley of DiPiero Simmons McGinley & Bastress, PLLC, now deceased, who previously co-authored this chapter.

Last updated May 2021

James A. Friedman and Maxted Lenz
Godfrey & Kahn, S.C.
One East Main Street, Suite 500
P.O. Box 2719
Madison, WI  53701-2719
(608) 257-3911

Last updated September 2020

Bruce T. Moats
Law Office of Bruce T. Moats
2515 Pioneer Avenue
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
Phone: (307) 778-8844
Fax: (307) 638-1227
bmoats@hackerlaw.net

Last updated Feb. 2018